![]() In: Proceedings of the 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. A., Charleston-Villalobos, S., Gonzalez-Camarena, R., Aljama-Corrales, T.: Analysis of discontinuous adventitious lung sounds by Hilbert-Huang spectrum. Rocha, B.M., Pessoa, D., Marques, A., Carvalho, P., Paiva, R.P.: Automatic classification of adventitious respiratory sounds: a (un) solved problem? Sensors 21(1), 57 (2020) 23(3), 1012–1021 (2013)Īsatani, N., Kamiya, T., Mabu, S., Kido, S.: Classification of respiratory sounds using improved convolutional recurrent neural network. ![]() ![]() Serbes, G., Sakar, C.O., Kahya, Y.P., Aydin, N.: Pulmonary crackle detection using time-frequency and time-scale analysis. Ponte, D.F., Moraes, R., Hizume, D.C., Alencar, A.M.: Characterization of crackles from patients with fibrosis, heart failure and pneumonia. Sarkar, M., Madabhavi, I., Niranjan, N., Dogra, M.: Auscultation of the respiratory system. Jones, A., Jones, R.D., Kwong, K., Burns, Y.: Effect of positioning on recorded lung sound intensities in subjects without pulmonary dysfunction. Pramono, R.X.A., Bowyer, S., Rodriguez-Villegas, E.: Automatic adventitious respiratory sound analysis: a systematic review. Villanueva, C., Vincent, J., Slowinski, A., Hosseini, M.P.: Respiratory sound classification using long short term memory. Shi, L., Du, K., Zhang, C., Ma, H., Yan, W.: Lung sound recognition algorithm based on vggish-bigru. In: Proceedings of the 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp. Nguyen, T., & Pernkopf, F.: Lung sound classification using snapshot ensemble of convolutional neural networks. Sengupta, N., Sahidullah, M., Saha, G.: Lung sound classification using cepstral-based statistical features. Jácome, C., Aviles-Solis, J.C., Uhre, Å.M., Pasterkamp, H., Melbye, H.: Adventitious and normal lung sounds in the general population: comparison of standardized and spontaneous breathing. Kim, Y., Hyon, Y., Jung, S.S., Lee, S., Yoo, G., Chung, C., Ha, T.: Respiratory sound classification for crackles, wheezes, and rhonchi in the clinical field using deep learning. It is best heard in the lower anterior lungs and lateral chest, during both inspiration and expiration.Moorthy, D.P., Harikrishna, M., Mathew, J., Sathish, N.: Sound classification for respiratory diseases using machine learning technique. Potential causes include tuberculosis and pneumonia. The sound quality is considered a harsh grating or creaking. The pleural rub sound results from the movement of inflamed pleural surfaces against one another during chest wall movement. Fine crackles sound quality is like hair rubbing near the ear and may be heard in congestive heart failure and pulmonary fibrosis. Coarse crackles sound quality is low-pitched and moist it may be heard in pulmonary oedema and bronchitis. Crackles can be further categorised as coarse or fine. It is commonly heard in the bases of the lung lobes during inspiration. The cause of crackles can be from air passing through fluid, pus or mucus. The sound crackles create are fine, short, high-pitched, intermittently crackling sounds. It may be heard in asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis.Ĭrackles are also known as alveolar rales. It is commonly heard in the lungs during expiration. Alternately, what we often refer to as rhonchi is the sonorous wheeze, which refers to a deep, low-pitched rumbling or coarse sound, as air moves through tracheal/bronchial passages in the presence of mucus or respiratory secretions. This refers to the high-pitched, whistle-like sound. The classic wheeze may be referred to as a sibilant wheeze. This is caused by air passing through an obstructed, narrow airway. The sound of a wheeze is a high-pitched, continuous musical sound. It’s typically loudest over the anterior neck, as air moves turbulently over a partially-obstructed, upper airway. Stridor may be heard in conditions such as croup and foreign body obstruction. The cause of this sound is generally the partial obstruction of the larynx or trachea. Stridor is a continuous, high-pitched, crowing sound heard predominantly on inspiration.
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